Your cart is currently empty!
Year: 2023
qUIZ 23
Quiz
Quiz
LIGHT | QUIZ
Human Eye | Quiz
DIGITAL REVOLUTION | Quiz
CBSE 9 | Science – Study – Free
Digital Revolutions | Quiz
Class 10 | Mathematics | All In One
BASICS OF QUADRILATERALS | Study
CBSE 10 | Science – Study – Premium
CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
CBSE 7 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
Sign Up
Copy of Confirmation
Confirmation
Cuboid | Quiz
Personality Quiz
CBSE 8 | Science – Study – Free
THE LIVING ORGANISMS — CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITATS | Study
COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES | Study
SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS | Study
MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES | Study
qUIZ 23
Wrong shortcode initialized
Quiz
Wrong shortcode initialized
Quiz
Wrong shortcode initialized
[ays_form id=”1″]
LIGHT | QUIZ
0 votes, 0 avg0
Report a question
You must log in to see your results.
Human Eye | Quiz
0 votes, 0 avg0Report a question
DIGITAL REVOLUTION | Quiz
0 votes, 0 avg0Report a question
CBSE 9 | Science – Study – Free
Educational Tools | Full Course
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
- MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS | Study
- IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | Study
- ATOMS AND MOLECULES | Study
- STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM | Study
- THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE | Study
- TISSUES | Study
- MOTION | Study
- FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION | Study
- GRAVITATION | Study
- WORK AND ENERGY | Study
- SOUND | Study
- IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES | Study
Assessment Tools
Assign, Assess & Analyse
Digital Revolutions | Quiz
0 votes, 0 avg0Report a question
Class 10 | Mathematics | All In One
FREE Educational Tools
Course Features
Personalised Education
Pre-Requisites
Test & Enrich
Study Tools
Audio Visual & Digital Content
Testing Tools
Assign, Assess & Analyse
Interactive Tools
Ask, Answer & Discuss
Speed Notes
Notes For Quick Revision
E-book
Chapterwise Textbook
Assignment Tools
Testing Tools To Assign, Assess & Analyse
NCERT Solutions
Solved Exercises
NCERT Exemplar
HOTS Questions & Answers
Hindi Version
Watch In Hindi
Assessments
Assign, Assess & Analyse
[ays_form id=”1″]
BASICS OF QUADRILATERALS | Study
Pre-Requisires
Test & Enrich
English Version Quadrilaterals | Speed Notes
Notes For Quick Recap
Quadrilateral
Any closed polygon with four sides, four angles and four vertices are called Quadrilateral. It could be regular or irregular. (Sroll down to continute …)
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
Revision Notes – CBSE 09 Math – Quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals
A simple closed figure bounded by four line segments is called a quadrilateral, it has four sides i.e., AB, BC, CD and AD and four vertices as A, B, Can d D and the sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360.
Characteristics of a quadrilateral
Angle Sum Property of a Quadrilateral:
Quadrilateral is a four sided closed figure.
Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Parts Of Quadrilaterals
Types Of Quadrilaterals
Classification of quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals are broadly classified into three categories as:
(i) Kite
(ii) Trapezium
(ii) Parallelogram
Kite:
A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of adjacent sides that are equal in length. It resembles a flying kite in shape.
🪁 Types of Kites:
There are several types of kites based on their properties:
Square Kites:
All four sides are equal in length, making it both a kite and a square.
Rhombus Kites:
All four sides are equal in length, and opposite angles are equal, making it both a kite and a rhombus.
Right Kites:
One pair of opposite angles is a right angle (90 degrees).
Equilateral Kites:
Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal, and the diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of each other.
(i) Kite has no parallel sides
(ii) Kite has a pair of equal adjacent sides.
(ii) It is not a parallelogram
Characteristics Of Kite:
Perimeter Of Kite
Area Of Kite
Trapezium:
Trapezium is a quadrilateral with the following characteristics:
(i) One pair of opposite sides is parallel to each other.
(ii) The other pair of opposite sides may not be parallel to each other.
Characteristics Of Trapezium
(i) Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
(ii) One pair of opposite sides is parallel to each other.
(iii) The other pair of opposite sides need not be parallel to each other.
Types Of Trapezium:
Quadrilaterals are broadly classified into two categories as:
(i) Isosceles Trapezium.
(ii) Scalene Trapezium.
(i) Right Trapezium.
Isosceles Trapezium:
Isosceles Trapezium is a quadrilateral with the following characteristics:
(i) One pair of opposite sides is parallel to each other.
(ii) The other pair of opposite sides are equal.
(iii) The other pair of opposite sides need not be parallel to each other.
Isosceles Trapezium is a trapezium with the following characteristics:
(i) One pair of opposite sides is parallel to each other.
(ii) The other pair of opposite sides are equal.
(iii) The other pair of opposite sides need not be parallel to each other.
Characteristics Of Isosceles Trapezium
(i) Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
(ii) One pair of opposite sides is parallel to each other.
(iii) The other pair of opposite sides are equal.
(iv) The other pair of opposite sides need not be parallel to each other.
Scalene Trapezium:
- Scalene trapezium: Classified by the length of the legs or the measurement of their angles.
Characteristics Of Scalene Trapezium
Right Trapezium:
- Right trapezium: Has one pair of parallel sides and one pair of right angles.
Characteristics Of Right Trapezium
Perimeter Of Trapezium
Area Of Trapezium
Parallelogram:
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral (a four-sided polygon) in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
In other words, Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with the following characteristics:
Characteristics of a parallelogram
Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with the following characteristics:
(i) Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
(ii) Two pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.
(iii) Sum of all angles of a Parallelogram is 360°.
(iv) Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
(v) Two pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.
(vi) Two pairs of opposite angles are equal.
(vii) Diagonals bisect each other.
(viii) Diagonals need not be equal to each other.
(ix) Diagonals divide it into two congruent triangles.
Types Of Parallelogram
Parallelograms are broadly classified into three categories as:
(i) Rectangle (ii) Rhombus (iii) Square
Perimeter Of Parallelogram:
Perimeter of a Parallelogram is the length of the boundary of the Parallelogram.
Perimeter of a Parallelogram = 2(length + width)
Area Of Parallelogram
Measure of the space enclosed by the boundary of a Parallelogram is called its area.
Area of a Parallelogram = Base x Height
Rectangle:
A rectangle is a Parallelogram with four right angles.
In other words, A rectangle is a quadrilateral (a four-sided polygon) in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.and has four right angles.
Characteristics Of Rectangle
Rectangle is a quadrilateral with the following characteristics:
(i) Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
(ii) Two pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.
(iii) All four angles are right angles. (each angle is 90 o).Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
(iv) Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
(v) Two pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.
(vi) All four angles are right angles. (each angle is 90 o).
(vii) Diagonals bisect each other.
(viii) Diagonals are equal to each other.
(ix) Diagonals of a rectangle divide it into two congruent triangles.
Conclusions:
Every Rectangle is a Parallelogram. But Every Parallelogram need not be a Rectangle.
Condition for a rhombus to be a square:
If all four angles of a parallelogram are right angles. (each angle is 90 o), the parallelogram becomes a Rectangle.
Perimeter Of Rectangle
Perimeter of a rectangle is the length of the boundary of the rectangle.
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(length + width)
Area Of Rectangle
Measure of the space enclosed by the boundary of a rectangle is called its area.
Area of a rectangle = length x width
Rhombus:
Rhombus is a Parallelogram with four equal sides.
In other words, A rectangle is a quadrilateral (a four-sided polygon) in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.and also has four equal sides.
Characteristics Of Rhombus
Rhombus is a quadrilateral with the following characteristics:
(i) Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
(ii) All four sides are equal in length.
(iii) Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
(iv) Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
(v) All four sides are equal in length.
(vi) Two pairs of opposite angles are equal.
(vii) Diagonals bisect each other.
(viii) Diagonals need not be equal to each other.
(ix) Diagonals divide a Rhombus into two congruent triangles.
Conclusions:
Every Rhombus is a Parallelogram. But Every Parallelogram need not be a Rhombus.
Condition for a rhombus to be a square:
If all four angles of the Rhombus are right angles, the Rhombus becomes a square.
If all the sides of a parallelogram are equal, the parallelogram becomes a Rhombus.
Perimeter Of Rhombus
Perimeter of a Rhombus is the length of the boundary of the Rhombus.
Perimeter of Rhombus = 2(length + width)
Area Of Rhombus
Measure of the space enclosed by the boundary of a rhombus is called its area.
Area of Rhombus = ½(Diagonal 1 + Diagonal 2 x height)
Area of Rhombus = Base x Height
Square:
Characteristics Of Square
Square is a quadrilateral with the following characteristics:
(i) Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other.
(ii) All four sides are equal in length.
(iii) All four angles are right angles. (each angle is 90 o).
(iv) Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
(v) Diagonals bisect each other.
(vi) Diagonals need not be equal to each other.
(vii) Diagonals divide a Rhombus into two congruent triangles.
Conclusions:
- Every square is a Rhombus. But Every Rhombus need not be a square.
Condition for a rhombus to be a square:
If all the angles of a rhombus are right angles (equal to 90o), the rhombus becomes a square.
Condition for a parallelogram to be a square:
(i) If all the angles of a parallelogram are right angles (equal to 90o), and all the sides of a parallelogram are equal in length, the parallelogram becomes a square.
Note: Every Square is a rectangle. But Every Rectangle need not be a square.
Condition for a Rectangle to be a square:
If all the sides of a Rectangle are equal in length, the Rectangle becomes a square.
Perimeter Of Square
Perimeter of a Square is the length of the boundary of the square.
Perimeter of square = 4(side)
Area Of Square
Measure of the space enclosed by the boundary of a Square is called its area.
Area of square = side2
Practical Geometry Of Quadrilaterals:
Angle Sum Property of a Quadrilateral
The sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360°
If we draw a diagonal in the quadrilateral, it divides it into two triangles.
And we know the angle sum property of a triangle i.e. the sum of all the three angles of a triangle is 180°.
The sum of angles of ∆ADC = 180°.
The sum of angles of ∆ABC = 180°.
By adding both we get ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
Hence, the sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Example
Find ∠A and ∠D, if BC∥ AD and ∠B = 52° and ∠C = 60° in the quadrilateral ABCD.
Solution:
Given BC ∥ AD, so ∠A and ∠B are consecutive interior angles.
So ∠A + ∠B = 180° (Sum of consecutive interior angles is 180°).
∠B = 52°
∠A = 180°- 52° = 128°
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360° (Sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360°).
∠C = 60°
128° + 52° + 60° + ∠D = 360°
∠D = 120°
∴ ∠A = 128° and ∠D = 120 °.
Types of Quadrilaterals
S No. Quadrilateral Property Image 1. Trapezium One pair of opposite sides is parallel. 
2. Parallelogram Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. 
3. Rectangle a. Both the pair of opposite sides is parallel.b. Opposite sides are equal.c. All the four angles are 90°. 
4. Square a. All four sides are equal.b. Opposite sides are parallel.c. All the four angles are 90°. 
5. Rhombus a. All four sides are equal.b. Opposite sides are parallel.c. Opposite angles are equal.d. Diagonals intersect each other at the centre and at 90°. 
6. Kite Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. Remark: A square, Rectangle and Rhombus are also a parallelogram.
Properties of a Parallelogram
Theorem 1: When we divide a parallelogram into two parts diagonally then it divides it into two congruent triangles.
∆ABD ≅ ∆CDB
Theorem 2: In a parallelogram, opposite sides will always be equal.
Theorem 3: A quadrilateral will be a parallelogram if each pair of its opposite sides will be equal.
Here, AD = BC and AB = DC
Then ABCD is a parallelogram.
Theorem 4: In a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal.
In ABCD, ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D
Theorem 5: In a quadrilateral, if each pair of opposite angles is equal, then it is said to be a parallelogram. This is the reverse of Theorem 4.
Theorem 6: The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Here, AC and BD are the diagonals of the parallelogram ABCD.
So the bisect each other at the centre.
DE = EB and AE = EC
Theorem 7: When the diagonals of the given quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a parallelogram.
This is the reverse of the theorem 6.
The Mid-point Theorem
1. If a line segment joins the midpoints of the two sides of the triangle then it will be parallel to the third side of the triangle.
If AB = BC and CD = DE then BD ∥ AE.
2. If a line starts from the midpoint of one line and that line is parallel to the third line then it will intersect the midpoint of the third line.
If D is the midpoint of AB and DE∥ BC then E is the midpoint of AC.
Example
Prove that C is the midpoint of BF if ABFE is a trapezium and AB ∥ EF.D is the midpoint of AE and EF∥ DC.
Solution:
Let BE cut DC at a point G.
Now in ∆AEB, D is the midpoint of AE and DG ∥ AB.
By midpoint theorem, G is the midpoint of EB.
Again in ∆BEF, G is the midpoint of BE and GC∥ EF.
So, by midpoint theorem C is the midpoint of BF.
Hence proved.
Hindi Version Dig Deep
Topic Level Resources
Sub – Topics
Select A Topic
Topic:
Chapters Index
Select Another Chapter
- NUMBER SYSTEMS | Study
- POLYNOMIALS | Study
- COORDINATE GEOMETRY | Study
- LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES | Study
- INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY | Study
- LINES AND ANGLES | Study
- TRIANGLES | Study
- QUADRILATERALS | Study
- CIRCLES | Study
- HERON’S FORMULA | Study
- SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES | Study
- STATISTICS | Study
- POLYNOMIALS | Study (DUPLICATE)
Assessments
Personalised Assessments
CBSE 10 | Science – Study – Premium
Educational Tools | Full Course
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
- Chemical Reactions and Equations | Study
- Acids, Bases and Salts | Study
- Metals and Non-metals | Study
- Carbon and its Compounds | Study
- Life Processes | Study
- Control and Coordination | Study
- How do Organisms Reproduce | Study
- Heredity | Study
- Light – Reflection and Refraction | Study
- The Human Eye and the Colourful World | Study
- Electricity | Study
- Magnetic Effects of Electric Current | Study
- Our Environment | Study
Assessment Tools
Assign, Assess & Analyse
CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
Educational Tools | Full Course
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
- WHOLE NUMBERS | Study
- KNOWING OUR NUMBERS | Study
- PLAYING WITH NUMBERS | Study
- BASIC GEOMETRICAL IDEAS | Study
- UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTARY SHAPES | Study
- INTEGERS | Study
- FRACTIONS | Study
- DECIMALS | Study
- DATA HANDLING | Study
- MENSURATION | Study
- ALGEBRA | Study
- RATIO AND PROPORTION | Study
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
Assessment Tools
Assign, Assess & Analyse
Connnect With Us
Enrich our growing community
CBSE 7 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
Educational Tools | Full Course
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
- Integers | Study
- Fractions and Decimals | Study
- Data Handling | Study
- Simple Equations | Study
- Lines and Angles | Study
- The Triangle And Its Properties | Study
- Comparing Quantities | Study
- Rational Numbers | Study
- Perimeter and Area | Study
- Exponents and Powers | Study
- Symmetry | Study
- Visualising Solid Shapes | Study
Assessment Tools
Assign, Assess & Analyse
Connnect With Us
Enrich our growing community
Sign Up
[forminator_form id=”42497″]Copy of Confirmation
[mailpoet_manage text=”Manage your subscription”]
Confirmation
[mailpoet_manage text=”Manage your subscription”]
Cuboid | Quiz
0 votes, 0 avg0Personality Quiz
0 votes, 0 avg2Report a question
CBSE 8 | Science – Study – Free
Educational Tools | Full Course
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
- CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT | Study
- MICROORGANISMS : FRIEND AND FOE | Study
- COAL AND PETROLEUM | Study
- COMBUSTION AND FLAME | Study
- CONSERVATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS | Study
- REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS | Study
- REACHING THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE | Study
- FORCE AND PRESSURE | Study
- FRICTION | Study
- SOUND | Study
- CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT | Study
- SOME NATURAL PHENOMENA | Study
- LIGHT | Study
Assessment Tools
Assign, Assess & Analyse
Connnect With Us
Enrich our growing community
THE LIVING ORGANISMS — CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITATS | Study
Pre-Requisires
Test & Enrich
English Version The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings | Speed Notes
Notes For Quick Recap
The surroundings where plants and animals live are called their habitat. Several kinds of plants and animals may share the same habitat.
The presence of specific features and habits, which enable a plant or an animal to live in a particular habitat, is called adaptation. (Scroll down to continue …)
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
There are many types of habitats, however, these may be broadly grouped as terrestrial (on the land) and aquatic (in water). There is a wide variety of organisms present in different habitats.
Characteristics of living things:
The living things need food, air and water to grow and for the other ife processes.
The young ones grow into adults.
They respire.
Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
Plants take incarbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
They respond to changes in the surrounding (stimuli).
They all get rid of wastes produced in the body (excretion).
They reproduce their own kind.
They have a definite life span.
Habitat: Habitat is the place where an organism finds comfort, safety, food, water, air, shelter and suitable conditions for breeding and survival.
It has two components biotic (living things like plants and animals) and abiotic (non-living things like rocks, soil, air and water).
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
AUTOTROPHS
AUTOTROPHS MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD ( AUTO MEANS SELF; TROPH MEANS NUTRITION.)
green plants are autotrophs.HETEROTROPHS ( HETERO MEANS DIFFERENT OR OTHERS; TROPH MEANS NUTRITION ) .
Herbivores: Plants and grass eating animals.
Carnivores: flesh or meat eating animals
Omnivores: eat both, plants and flesh or meat of animals.
Habitat provides almost everything to an organism which is needed by it.
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
Light, temperature, water, humidity and rain, soil, air and wind, height of a place-plains or hills.
Type of Habitat:
(a) Terrestrial Habitat: Plants and animals live on land.
some terrestrial habitats are seashore or the coastal area.
Examples: lants like mangroove and coconut palm are common on the bank of Ponds and lakes.
Examples: Frog, turtle, alligator, crocodile, duck etc.
Life on land.
Examples: cat, deer, lion,tiger, cow.
Plants growing on land under normal conditions of moderate temperature and availability of water are the mesophytes desert habitat on land.
Examples: cactus, euphorbia, aloe, lizards, snake, camel.
Underground habitats:
Examples: moles, beetle, cricket, termite, milliped, ant.
Plants and animals living on hills and mountains.
Example: yak, bear, hill goat, flying fox.
Plants in hills are mostly conical in shape and evergreen.
They bear deep growing roots.
The stem is woody, bearing needle-like leaves.
Plants are mostly xerophytes.
Examples: Apple, pear, plum, apricot, walnut, almond.
High snowy peaks and polar regions.
Examples: Polar bear (white bear), penguin.
(b) Aquatic Habitat: Plants and animals live in water.
Example: ponds, swamps, lakes, rivers and oceans.
Plants growing in water are called hydrophytes.
Adaptations: Plant body is covered with a slippery substance called Adaptations.
Presence of specific features or certain habitats which enable an organism to live in its surrounding.
Adaptation helps an organism in acquiring certain characteristics which helps it in being able to live in the habitat of its choice.
The adaptation may be:
(i) related to the habitat, or
(ii) related to its body structure.
Terrestrial:
(a) Deserts: Small animals stay in burrows deep in sand during the day, and come out at night.
In plants, leaves are either absent or very small as spines;
Stem has a thick waxy coating;
Roots go deep into the soil.
(b) Mountains: Animals have thick skin or fur.
Mountain goat has strong hooves.
Trees are cone shaped having sloping branches.
Leaves are needle like.
(c) Grasslands: Animals are light brown in colour.
Lion: a Long clause in front legs that can be withdrawn inside the toes.
Eyes in front of face.
Deer: Srong teeth, long ears, eyes on the sides of head.
Aquatic:
(a) Ponds:
Plants with roots fixed in soil:Stems are long, hollow and light.
leaves float on water.
Plants with roots submerge: Leaves are narrow and thin ribbon-like.
(b) Oceans: organisms living in sea are called the marine plants and marine animals.
Animals have streamlined body.
Gills to respire (dolphins and whales have blowholes).
Animals like squids and octopus do no have streamlined body and stay deep in the oceans.
Hindi Version Dig Deep
Topic Level Resources
Sub – Topics
Select A Topic
Topic:
Chapters Index
Select Another Chapter
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Science – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- Copy of COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS | Study
- SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES | Study
- GETTING TO KNOW PLANTS | Study
- BODY MOVEMENTS | Study
- THE LIVING ORGANISMS — CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITATS | Study
- MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES | Study
- LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS | Study
- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS | Study
- FUN WITH MAGNETS | Study
- AIR AROUND US | Study
Assessments
Personalised Assessments
COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
Pre-Requisires
Test & Enrich
English Version Components of Food | Speed Notes
Notes For Quick Coverage
Nutrients: Food substances that provide nourishment to the body are called nutrients.
The major nutrients in our food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. In addition, food also contains dietary fibres and water. Carbohydrates and fats mainly provide energy to our body. (Scroll down to continue …)
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are energy-giving compounds.
Cellulose, starch and sugar are the examples of carbohydrates.
There may be simple carbohydrates or complex carbohydrates.
Fats: Fats are very high energy-giving compounds. They produce greater amount of energy than carbohydrates.
Sources of fats: animal fats and vegetable fats.
Carbohydrates and fats are Energy giving food.
Minerals: minerals are the elements required by the body in small amounts. Minerals are essential for growth and development of bones, teeth and red blood cells.
Proteins: These are body-building foods. They help in growth of the body.
Vitamins: These are organic substances that protect the body from diseases.
Roughage: It is the dietary fibre present in the food. It facilitates regular movement of the bowels and prevents constipation.
Note: Dietary fibre and water are not food.
Balanced diet: It provides all the nutrients that our body needs, in right quantities, along with adequate amount of roughage and water.
Deficiency Diseases: These are the diseases cause due to the lack of required nutrients for a long period in the diet.
Malnutrition: when a person eats enough of food but his diet is unbalanced, it isknown as malnutrition.
Undernutrition: A person not eating sufficient food to maintain good health suffers from undernutrition.
Some Nutrients Deficiency Diseases:
Protein: Kwashiorkar – Stunted growth, thinning of legs, protruding belly.Protein and Carbohydrates – Marasmus – Complete/partial arrest of growth, lack of energy.
Vitamin D and calcium: Rickets – Bowed legs, bent spine, deformed bones are joints.
Vitamin C: Scurvy – Bleeding and swelling of gums, weakness.
Iodine: Goitre – Enlargement of thyroid gland, retarded growth.
Iron – Anaemia – Fatigue, loss of appetite, pale skin.
Vitamin K: Bleeding disease- delay in blood clotting leads to excess bleeding.
Beri-beri: Vitamin B1 – weakness in muscles, little energy to do work, paralysis
Night blindness – Vitamin A – No vision at night or in dim light.
Hindi Version Dig Deep
Topic Level Resources
Sub – Topics
Select A Topic
Topic:
Chapters Index
Select Another Chapter
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Science – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- Copy of COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS | Study
- SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES | Study
- GETTING TO KNOW PLANTS | Study
- BODY MOVEMENTS | Study
- THE LIVING ORGANISMS — CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITATS | Study
- MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES | Study
- LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS | Study
- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS | Study
- FUN WITH MAGNETS | Study
- AIR AROUND US | Study
Assessments
Personalised Assessments
SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES | Study
Pre-Requisires
Test & Enrich
English Version Separation of Substances | Speed Notes
Notes For Quick Coverage
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
PURE SUBSTANCES: The substances which contain only one kind of particles are called pure substances. Elements and compounds are pure substances.
ELEMENT: A substance made from identical particles of one material.
COMPOUND: A substance formed as a result of chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances.
Solvent: The substance in larger quantity is the solvent.
The substance other than the solvent present in the solution is/are is the solute/solutes.
IMPURE SUBSTANCES: The substances which contain more than one kind of particles are called impure substances.
NEED FOR SEPARATING COMPONENT OF A MIXTURE
Removing harmful or unwanted components, and obtaining useful and desire component in pure form.Methods of separation are Threshing, winnowing, handpicking, sieving, magnetic separation, floating and sinking method, filtration.
separation to immiscible liquids, churning to separate cream from milk, sublimation.
(i) Separation of solid from other solids:
(a) Threshing: The process of separating grain from husk or chaff is called threshing.
Chaff: The waste material of agriculture processes such as pieces of straw are called chaff.
(b) Winnowing: The process of separation of heavier and lighter components of a mixture by wind or blowing air.
(c) Hand-picking: The process of picking the undesirable components from desirable material with hand is called Hand-picking.
(d) Sieving: The process of separating the solid constituents of different sizes in a mixture using a sieve is called sieving.
Sieve: A sieve is a device with many small holes in it , which allow the smaller particles to pass through and stops the bigger particles in it is called a sieve.
(e) Magnetic separation: Process of seperating the magnetic material by moving a magnet over a mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic substances is called magnetic seperation. In this process the magnetic material sticks to the magnet are removed.
(ii) Separation of water soluble solids or separating solute dissolved in solvent:
(a) Evaporation: Process of converting a liquid into its gaseous state by placing in open air without heating is called evaporation.
(b) Condensation: Process of converting a gaseous material into its liquid state by cooling it is called condensation.
(iii) Separation of insoluble solids from Liquids:
(a) Sedimentation: The process of settling down of heavier and insoluble component from mixture is called sedimentation.
Examples: sand, water.
(b) Decantation: The process of transferring clean liquid without disturbing the sediment, is called decantation
(c) Loading: The methods by which finer particles are made to settle faster by dissolving a small quantity of alum.
(d) Filtration: In this process the impurities are passed through a filter.
Filter: The filter has pores in it that allow only liquids to pass through the pores but stops the suspended particles or solid particles.
Therefore, the filter separates the suspended particles or solid particles.
The clear liquid so obtained in filtration is called the filtrate.
residue: The left over material on the filter paper due to filtration is known as residue.
(iv) Separation of Immiscible Liquids:
IMMISCIBLE: The liquids which donot mix well with one another are called immiscible liquids.
Example: Mixture of oil and water are immiscible liquids.
immiscible liquids are sepreated by centrifugation, churning etc. methods.
(b) Centrifugation: The method in which mixture containing suspended particles is rotated at a high speed in a centrifuge and heavier particles settle down.
Example: Cream is separated from milk, using centrifugation method.
(c) Churning: The method which is used for separating lighter particles of solid suspended in.
SEPARATING SOLUTE NOT SOLUBLE IN A SOLVENT
Flotation and sinking methods:- This method is used when the components are not soluble in water and one of the component of a mixture is lighter than water and the other is heavier than water.SUBLIMATION:- The changing of a solid directly to vapour, without coming to liquid state is called sublimation.
Husk and stones could be separated from grains by handpicking.
· Husk is separated from heavier seeds of grain by winnowing.
· A saturated solution is a solution in which no more solute could be dissolved.
· More of a substance can be dissolved in a solution by heating it.
Hindi Version Dig Deep
Topic Level Resources
Sub – Topics
Select A Topic
Topic:
Chapters Index
Select Another Chapter
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Science – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- Copy of COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS | Study
- SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES | Study
- GETTING TO KNOW PLANTS | Study
- BODY MOVEMENTS | Study
- THE LIVING ORGANISMS — CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITATS | Study
- MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES | Study
- LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS | Study
- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS | Study
- FUN WITH MAGNETS | Study
- AIR AROUND US | Study
Assessments
Personalised Assessments
SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS | Study
Pre-Requisires
Test & Enrich
English Version Sorting Material into Groups | Speed Notes
Notes For Quick Coverage
Material: A material is a substance which is used for making things.
A given material could be used to make a large number of objects.
It is also possible that an object could be made of a single material or of many different types of materials. (Scroll down to continue …)
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
GENERAL PRPERTIES OF MATRIAL
(A) Apearance : Shiny ( luster or luster ) or Roughness ( non-lustrous ) All metals are lustrous , some are more and some are less.
wood, rubber or a piece of rock is non-lustrous.
(B) Hardness: Hard and soft Rocks, iron and many metals are hard.
Hard materials may be:
1. Brittle :- Which break into samller pieces or are powdered when hammered.Example: rock, glass, salt.
Malleable: Which spread into sheets when beaten. metals are malleable.
Ductile:- they can be drawn into thin and long wires. metals are ductile.
Materials like wood, rubber and fibres are soft.
(C) Visibility:-
Transarent :- object through which light passes .
Examples: glass some plastis, sugar and salt solution in water etc.
Transluscent:- object through which light passes partially.
Example: Butter paper, etc.
Opaque: object through which light does not pass.
Examples: wood, metals, rock and wall etc.
(D) Good and bad conductor of electricity:-
Good conductors of electricity:- Material through which electric current can pass easily are the good conductors of electricity.
Examples: metals are good conductors of electricity.
Bad conductors of electricity:- Material through which electric current do not can pass are the bad conductors of electricity.
Examples: wood, plastic, rubber, cork and certain materials are bad conductors of electricity.
(D) Good and bad conductor of heat:- All metals are good conductors of heat.
Examples: wood are bad conductors of heat.
(E) combustible substances:- The materials which catch fire on heating are combustible substance.
wood, plastic, fibre and paper are combustible substance.
(F) SOME MATERIAL MAY FLOAT AND SOME SINK IN WATER.
material which sinks in water is denser than water. material which floats on water is less dense than water.
(G) SOLUBILITY O A SUBSTANCES IN WATER.
The substnces like salt and sugar , which disappear in water , are said to be soluble.
The substances which remain as such and do not disappear in water are said to be
(H) Miscible and Immiscible Liquid:- when two liquids are mixed and they do nort mixed well, they are said to be immiscible.
The liquids which mix well with water are said to be miscible.
GROUPING OF MATERIALS. Things made from wood
Things made from metal
Things made from ceramic
Things made from glass
Things made from plastic
Things made from rubber
things that are liquids such as oil.
Materials are grouped together on the basis of similarities and differences in their properties.
Things are grouped together for convenience and to study their properties.
Advantages of classification:
(a) Helps in identification of objects.(b) Helps in sorting of objects.
(c) Helps in locting things.
(d) Makes study of different objects easy and more meaningful rather than studying each other separately. (e) Helps to understanding similarities and dissimilarties among
Hindi Version Dig Deep
Topic Level Resources
Sub – Topics
Select A Topic
Topic:
Chapters Index
Select Another Chapter
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Science – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- Copy of COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS | Study
- SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES | Study
- GETTING TO KNOW PLANTS | Study
- BODY MOVEMENTS | Study
- THE LIVING ORGANISMS — CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITATS | Study
- MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES | Study
- LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS | Study
- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS | Study
- FUN WITH MAGNETS | Study
- AIR AROUND US | Study
Assessments
Personalised Assessments
MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES | Study
Pre-Requisires
Test & Enrich
English Version Motion and Measurement of Distances | Speed Notes
Notes For Quick Recap
Study Tools
Audio, Visual & Digital Content
REST: The objects which remain stationary at a place and do not change their position are said to be at rest.
Different modes of transport are used to go from one place to another.
In ancient times, people used the length of a foot, the width of a finger, the distance of a step as units of measurement.
This caused confusion and a need to develop a uniform system of measurement.
We use International System of Unit ( SI unit). This is accepted all over the world.
Meter is the unit of length in SI unit.
Rectilinear motion: Motion in a straight line is called rectilinear motion.
Circular motion: Motion of an object such that its distance from a fixed point is constant.
Periodic motion: Motion that repeats itself after some period of time, is called periodic motion.
Measurement: The comparison of an unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind is called measurement.
Measurement of an object consists of:
(i) The unit of measurement.(ii) The number of units the object.
Conventional Methods of Measurement:
Conventional measurements have only been approximate measurement. They differ from person to person and lack precision.Hand span: Length between the tip of the thumb and little finger.
Cubit: Length between the tip of middle finger and elbow.
Arm length: Length from shoulder to the tip of middle finger.
Footstep: It is the distance covered by a step.
Needs for standard units of measurement:- Units such as hand span, foot, footstep, cubit, etc., vary.
They depend upon the size of an individual’s hand, foot,etc., hence such units cause confusion in measurements.
Standard Units of Measurement: Standard Units of Measurement: is a unit to measure any quantity completely and uniformly.
Standard units for measuring, length-metre, mass-kilogram, time-Second.
‘The system International of ‘Units’ or better known as ‘S.I. UNITS.
RULES FOR WRITING SYMBOLS OF UNITS
Symbols for units are usually written in small letters.Symbols is not given in plural form.
Symbols for a unit is not to be followed by a full stop unless it is at the end of a sentence.
Rest: When the position of a body does not change with the passage of time, the body is said to be at rest.
Motion: When the position of a body changes with the passage of time, the body is said to be in motion.
Types of motion:
(a) Linear Motion:
Linear motion is further classified into two types as Straight line motion or Rectilinear Motion and
Curvilinear Motion.
Straight line motion or Rectilinear Motion: Object moves from one position to another along a straight line.
Example: A stone droped from a height.
2. Curvilinear Motion:
Object moving along curved lines.
Example: a car moving along a curve at a turning.
(b) Random Motion: When an object moves from one position to another and changes direction in an irregular manner.Example: butterfly, flies randomly in the
(c) Circular Motion: Object moves in a circular manner in relation to its own axis or arounda fixed centre.
An object remains at the same distance from a fixed point which is the centre of the path of the motion.
Two types of circular motion: (i) Revolution, taking rounds around a fixed point.
Object moves as a whole around a fixed centre.
Example: Earth revolving around the sun in a definite orbit.
(ii) Rotation or spinning motion: Object moves in a circular path in relation to its own fixed axis.
Example: Blades of a moving fan, windmill, etc.
Rotation is restricted to the central axis. The extended parts attached to the rotating axis are in revolutionary motion.
(d) Vibratory Motion: Object moves to and fro very fast. Example: strings of a guitar when plucked.
(e) Oscillatory motion: Object oscillates to and fro along the same path again and again and with the same speed. Time taken by an object to complete one oscillation is same, no matter how many oscillations the object takes. Example: heartbeat, a pendulum of a clock.
(f) periodic motion: – The motion which repeats at regular intervals of time is a periodic motion.
Ex. heartbeat, pendulum o clock, hands of a clock.
(g) Non-periodic Motion: Object does not repeat motion at regular intervals of time.
Ex. Earthquake, the eruption of a volcano, landslide, storm.
(h) Mixed motion: – more than one type of motion at the same time.
Ex. A cricket ball bowled shows linear as well spin motion.
(i) Resultant motion: – one kind of motion resulting in another kind of motion is a resultantmotion.
Ex. wheels of a bicycle rotate about its axis resulting in the linear motion of the bicycle on the road.
(j) Random motion: – The motion without any sequence or direction is random motion.
Ex. A buzzing bee, A player of a football on the field.
(k) Uniform Motion:
When the body covers the equal distance in equal time interval.
Motion of a clock hand.
(l) Non-uniform
Motion: Motion in which the body covers the unequal distance in equal inter of time, the motion of a bus.
Hindi Version Dig Deep
Topic Level Resources
Sub – Topics
Select A Topic
Topic:
Chapters Index
Select Another Chapter
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Science – Study – Premium
- CBSE 6 | Mathematics – Study – Premium
- Copy of COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- COMPONENTS OF FOOD | Study
- SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS | Study
- SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES | Study
- GETTING TO KNOW PLANTS | Study
- BODY MOVEMENTS | Study
- THE LIVING ORGANISMS — CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITATS | Study
- MOTION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES | Study
- LIGHT, SHADOWS AND REFLECTIONS | Study
- ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS | Study
- FUN WITH MAGNETS | Study
- AIR AROUND US | Study
Assessments
Personalised Assessments
