Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage In order to provide food for a large population – regular production, proper management and distribution of food is necessary. (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Crop : When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated readmore
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In order to provide food for a large population – regular production, proper management and distribution of food is necessary. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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Crop : When plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.
In India, crops can be broadly categorised into two types based on seasons – Rabi and Kharif crops. Sowing of seeds at appropriate depths and distances gives good yield.
Good variety of seeds are sown after selection of healthy seeds.
Sowing is done by seed drills.
Soil needs replenishment and enrichment through the use of organic manure introduction of new crop varieties.
Basic practices of crop production: (i) Preparation of Soil: One of the most important tasks in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing.
(ii) Sowing: Sowing of seeds at appropriate depths and distances gives good yield.
Good variety of seeds is sown after selection of healthy seeds. Sowing is done by seed drills.
(iii) Adding Manure and Fertilisers Soil needs replenishment and enrichment through the use of organic manure and fertilisers.
Use of chemical fertilisers
fertilisers has increased tremendously with the introduction of new crop varieties.
Fertiliser: The inorganic compounds containing nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. They are made in the factories.
Example: ammonium sulphate, potash, etc.
Manure: A natural substance prepared from decomposition of plant and animal wastes (cow dung, animal bones, dead leaves, dead insects and vegetable wastes) by t(he action of microbes.
iv) Irrigation : Supply of water to crops at appropriate intervals is called irrigation. Method of Irrigation: (a)Tradition methods of Irrigation: Moat, Chain pump, Dheki, Rahat.
(b) Modern methods of Irrigation: Sprinkler system, Drip
(v) Protection from Weeds: Weeding involves removal of unwanted and uncultivated plants called weeds.
(vi) Harvesting: Harvesting is the cutting of the mature crop manually or by machines.
(vii) Storage Proper storage of grains is necessary to protect them from pests and microorganisms.
Harvested food grains normally contain more moisture than required for storage.
Large scale of storage of grains is done in silos and granaries to pest like rats and insects.
Farmers store grains in jute bags or metallic bins.
Food is also obtained from animals for which animals are reared.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Fractions: 4. A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction. 5. A fraction whose numerator is more than or equal to the denominator is called animproper readmore
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Fractions:
4. A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction.
5. A fraction whose numerator is more than or equal to the denominator is called animproper fraction.
6. A combination of a whole number and a proper fraction is called a mixed fraction.
7. To get a fractionequivalent to a given fraction,we multiply (or divide) its numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number.
8. Fractions having the same denominators are called like fractions. Otherwise, they are calledunlike fractions.
9. A fraction is said to be in its lowest termsif its numerator and denominator have no commonfactor other than 1.
10. To compare fractions, we use the followingsteps:
Step I Find the LCMof the denominators of the given fractions.
Step II Converteach fraction to itsequivalent fraction with denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step I.
Step Ill Arrangethe fractions in ascending or descending order byarranging numerators in ascending or descending order.
11. To convert unlike fractions into like fractions, we use the following steps:Step I Find the LCM of the denominators of the given fractions.
Step II Convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction having denominator equal to the LCM obtained in step I.
12. To add (or subtract)fractions, we may use the following steps:Step I Obtain the fractionsand their denominators.
Step II Find the LCMof the denominators.
Step III Convert each fraction into an equivalent fraction having its denominator equal to the LCM obtainedin step II.
Step IV Add (or subtract) like fractions obtained in Step Ill.
Step III Convert each fraction into an equivalent fraction having its denominator equal to the LCM obtainedin step II.
Step IV Add (or subtract) like fractions obtained in Step Ill.
14. Two fractions are said to be reciprocal of each other, if their product is 1. The reciprocal of a non zero fraction a/b is b/a.
15. The divisionof a fraction a/b by a non-zero fraction c/d is the product of a/b with the
reciprocal of c/d.
Decimals:
1. Decimals are an extension of our number system.
2. Decimals are fractionswhose denominators are 10, 100, 1000 etc.
3. A decimal has two parts, namely, the whole numberpart and decimal part.
4. The number of digits containedin the decimal part of a decimal number is known as the numberof decimal places.
5. Decimals having the same number of places are called like decimals, otherwise they are knownas unlike decimals.
6. We have, 0.1 = 0.10 = 0.100 etc, 0.5 = 0.50 = 0.500 etc and so on. That is by annexing zeros on the right side of the extreme right digit of the decimalpart of a number does not alterthe value of the number.
7. Unlike decimals may be converted into like decimals by annexing the requisite numberof zeros on the right side of the extreme right digit in the decimal part.
8. Decimal numbers may be convertedby using the following steps.Step I Obtain the decimalnumbers
Step II Compare the whole partsof the numbers. The number with greater whole part will be greater. If the whole parts are equal, go to next step.
Step Ill Compare the extreme left digits of the decimal parts of two numbers. The number with greater extreme left digit will be greater. If the extreme left digits of decimal parts are equal,then compare the next digits and so on.
9. A decimal can be converted into a fractionby using the following steps:Step I: Obtain the decimal.
Step II: Take the numerator as the number obtained by removing the decimal point from the given decimal.
Step III: Take the denominator as the number obtainedby inserting as many zeros with 1 (e.g.10, 100 or 1000 etc.)as there are number of places in the decimal part.
10. Fractions can be converted into decimals by using the following steps:
Step I: Obtain the fractionand convert it into an equivalent fraction with denominator 10 or 100 or 1000 if it is not so.
Step II: Write its numeratorand mark decimal point after one place or two places or threeplaces from right towards left if the denominator is 10 or 100 or 1000 respectively. If the numerator is short of digits, insert zeros at the left of the numerator.
11. Decimals can be added or subtracted by using the following steps:Step I: Convert the given decimals to like decimals.
Step II: Write the decimals in columns with their decimal pointsdirectly below each other so that tenthscome under tenths, hundredths come and hundredths and so on.
Step III: Addor subtract as we add or subtract whole numbers.
Step IV: Place the decimal point, in the answer, directly below the other decimal points.
12. In order to multiply a decimal by 10, 100, 1000 etc., we use the following rules:
Rule I: On multiplying a decimal by 10, the decimalpoint is shiftedto the right by one place.
Rule II: On multiplying a decimal by 100, the decimal point is shiftedto the right by two places.
Rule III: On multiplying a decimal by 1000, the decimal point is shiftedto the right by threeplaces, and so on.
13. A decimal can be multiplied by a whole number by using following steps:
Step I: Multiply the decimal without the decimalpoint by the given whole number.
Step II: Mark the decimal point in the product to have as many placesof decimal as are there in the given decimal.
14. To multiply a decimal by another decimal, we follow following steps:
Step I: Multiply the two decimalswithout decimal point just like whole numbers.
Step II: Insert the decimal point in the product by countingas many places from the right to left as the sum of the number of decimalplaces of the given decimals.
15. A decimal can be dividedby 10, 100, 1000 etc by using the followingrules:
Rule I When a decimal is divided by 10, the decimal point is shifted to the left by one place.
Rule II When a decimal is divided by 100, the decimal point is shifted to the left by two places.
Rule III When a decimal is divided by 1000, the decimal point is shiftedto the left by threeplaces.
16. A decimal can be divided by a whole number by using the following steps:Step I: Check the whole number part of the dividend.
Step II: If the wholenumber part of the dividend is less than the divisor,then place a 0 in the onesplace in the quotient. Otherwise, go to step Ill.
Step III: Divide the whole number part of the dividend.
Step IV: Place the decimal point to the right of ones place in the quotient obtained in step I.
Step V: Divide the decimal part of the dividend by the divisor. If the digits of the dividend are exhausted, then place zeros to the right of dividendand remainder each time and continue the process.
17. A decimal can be divided by a decimal by using the following steps:
Step 1 Multiple the dividend and divisor by 10 or 100 or 1000 etc. to convert the divisor into a whole number.
Step II Divide the new dividendby the whole number obtainedin step I.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Linear Equation in One variable: The expressions which form the equation that contain single variable and the highest power of the variable in the equation is one. (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Linear Equations in One Variable readmore
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Linear Equation in One variable: The expressions which form the equation that contain single variable and the highest power of the variable in the equation is one. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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Linear Equations in One Variable
An algebraic equation is an equality involving variables. It says that the value of the expression on one side of the equality sign is equal to the value of the expression on the other side.
The equations we study in Classes VI, VII and VIII are linear equations in one variable. In such equations, the expressions which form the equation contain only one variable. Further, the equations are linear, i.e., the highest power of the variable appearing in the equation is 1.
A linear equation may have for its solution any rational number.
An equation may have linear expressions on both sides. Equations that we studied in Classes VI and VII had just a number on one side of the equation.
Just as numbers, variables can, also, be transposed from one side of the equation to the other.
Occasionally, the expressions forming equations have to be simplified before we can solve them by usual methods. Some equations may not even be linear to begin with, but they can be brought to a linear form by multiplying both sides of the equation by a suitable expression.
The utility of linear equations is in their diverse applications; different problems on numbers, ages, perimeters, combination of currency notes, and so on can be solved
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Classification based on Eating Habits: Herbivorous: Animals that eat plants or plant products. Example: Cow, sheep, goat, deer, elephant, kangaroo, giraffe, etc. Carnivorous: Animals that eat only flesh of other animals. They never eat plants. Examples: Tiger, lizard, lion, etc. Omnivorous: Animals consume plants as well readmore
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Classification based on Eating Habits:
Herbivorous: Animals that eat plants or plant products.
Example: Cow, sheep, goat, deer, elephant, kangaroo, giraffe, etc.
Carnivorous: Animals that eat only flesh of other animals. They never eat plants.
Examples: Tiger, lizard, lion, etc.
Omnivorous: Animals consume plants as well as other animals as their food.
Examples: Bear, dog, human being, etc.
Parasites: Organisms that obtain their food from other animals either by living inside (endoparasites) or outside (ectoparasites) their body.
Examples: Tapeworm and roundworm (inside body), tick and lice (outside body).
Scavengers: Animals which feed on the remains of dead animals preyed by predators. Example: vulture, crows, jackal, etc. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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The main digestive glands which secrete digestive juices are:
the salivary glands,
the liver and
(iii) the pancreas.
The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and secretory glands.
It consists of:
buccal cavity,
oesophagus,
stomach,
small intestine,
large intestine ending in rectum
anus.
Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake of food and its utilisation in the body.
The stomach wall and the wall of the small intestine also secrete digestive juices.
The modes of feeding vary in different organisms.
Nutrition is a complex process involving:
ingestion,
digestion,
absorption,
assimilation and
egestion.
Digestion of carbohydrates, like starch, begins in the buccal cavity.
The digestion of protein starts in the stomach.
Bile secreted from the liver, the pancreatic juice from the pancreas and the digestive juice from the intestinal wall complete the digestion of all components of food in the small intestine.
The digested food is absorbed in the blood vessels from the small intestine.
The absorbed substances are transported to different parts of the body.
Water and some salts are absorbed from the undigested food in the large intestine.
The undigested and unabsorbed residues are expelled out of the body as faeces through the anus.
The grazing animals like cows, buffaloes and deer are known as ruminants.
They quickly ingest, swallow their leafy food and store it in the rumen.
Later, the food returns to the mouth and the animal chews it peacefully.
Amoeba ingests its food with the help of its false feet or pseudopodia.
The food is digested in the food vacuole.
It pushes out finger-like pseudopodia which engulf the prey.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content Study Tools Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term: Important Tables Topic Terminology Term: Assessment Tools Assign | Assess | Analyse Question Bank List Of Questions With Key, Aswers & Solutions Re – Learn Go Back To Learn Again Assessments Test Your Learning readmore
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Any expression of the form a0xn+a1xn-1+a2xn-2+….an is called a polynomial of degree n in variable x ; a0≠0, where n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ….., and are real numbers, called the coefficients of the terms of the polynomial. (Scroll down to continue …) readmore
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Any expression of the form a0xn+a1xn-1+a2xn-2+….an is called a polynomial of degree n in variable x ; a0≠0, where n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ….., and are real numbers, called the coefficients of the terms of the polynomial. (Scroll down to continue …)
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A polynomial in x can be denoted by the symbols p(x), q(x), f(x), g(x), etc.
Degree Of Polynomial: The highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the polynomial p(x).
Linear Polynomial : A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
Quadratic Polynomial :
A polynomial of degree two is called a Quadratic Polynomial.
Generally, any quadratic polynomial in x is of the form ax2+bx+c, a ≠ 0 and a, b, c are real numbers.
Cubic Polynomial :
A polynomial of degree three is called a Cubic Polynomial.
Generally, any cubic polynomial in x is of the form ax3+bx2+cx+d, a≠0 and a, b, c, d are real numbers.
Value of a Polynomial :
If we replace x by ‘ -2’ in the polynomial p(x) = 3x3-2x2+x-1
we have p(-2) =3(-2)3-2(-2)2+(-2)-1
= -24-8-2-1 =-35
Thus, on replacing x by ‘ -2 ‘ in the polynomial p(x), we get -35, which is called the value of the polynomial.
Hence, if k is any real number, then the value obtained by replacing x by k in p(x), is called the value of the polynomial p(x) at x=k, and generally, denoted by p(k).
Zeros of a Polynomial :
A real constant, k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x) in x, if p(k)=0
For example, the polynomial p(x) = x2+x-12 gives p(3)=32+3-12=0 and p(-4)=(-4)2+(-4)-12=0.
Thus, 3 and -4 are two zeroes of the polynomial p(x).
A linear polynomial (degree one) has one and only one zero, given by;
Zero of the linear polynomial = -(constant term )coefficient of x
Geometrical Representation of the Zeroes of a Polynomial :
Let us consider a linear polynomial p(x)=3x-6.
We know that, graph of a linear polynomial is a straight line.
Therefore, graph of p(x)=3x-6 is a straight line passing through the points (1,-3),(3,3),(2,0).
Table for p(x)=3x – 6
From the graph of p(x)=3x-6, we observe that it intersects the x-axis at the point (2,0).
Zero of the polynomial [p(x)=3x-6] = -(-6)3 = 63 = 2.
Thus, we conclude that the zero of the polynomial p(x) = 3x – 6 is the x-coordinate of the point where the graph of p(x) = 3x – 6 intersects the x-axis.
Similarly, the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial, p(x) = ax2+bx+c, a≠0, are the x-coordinates of the points where the graph (parabola) of p(x)=ax2+bx+c, a≠0, intersects the x-axis.
Graph of p(x) = ax2+bx+c, a≠0 intersects the x-axis at the most in two points and hence the quadratic polynomial can have at most two distinct real zeros.
A cubic polynomial can have at most three distinct real zeros.
Relation between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial :
Let the quadratic polynomial be p(x) = ax2+bx+c, a≠0 and having zeroes as α and β, then
Sum of the zeroes = α + β
= -(coefficient of x) /(coefficient of x2) = -b/a
Product of the zeroes = αβ
Let the cubic polynomial be p(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d, a≠0 and having zeroes as α , β and γ, then Sum of the zeroes = α + β + γ
α + β + γ = -(coefficient of x2 )/(coefficient of x3)= -b/a
αβ = (constant term) /(coefficient of x2) = c/a
Sum of the products of zeroes taken two at a time αβ+βγ+γα
αβ+βγ+γα = (coefficient of x) /(coefficient of x3)= c/a
and
Product of the zeroes = αβγ
αβγ = (constant term) /(coefficient of x3)= -d/a
Division Algorithm for Polynomials :
For any two polynomials p(x) and g(x) ; g(x) ≠0, we can find two polynomials q(x) and r(x), such that p(x)=g(x) × q(x)+r(x).
Where r(x)=0 or degree of r(x) is less than the degree of g(x). Here, q(x) is called quotient, r(x) is called remainder, p(x) is called dividend and g(x) is called divisor. This result is known as a division algorithm for polynomials.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Euclid’s Division Lemma/Euclid’s Division Algorithm : Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a=bq+r, 0 r<b. This statement is nothing but a restatement of the long division process in which q is called the quotient and r is called readmore
Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a=bq+r, 0 r<b.
This statement is nothing but a restatement of the long division process in which q is called the quotient and r is called the remainder. (Scroll down to continue …)
Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a=bq+r, 0 r<b.
This statement is nothing but a restatement of the long division process in which q is called the quotient and r is called the remainder.
NOTE:
1. Lemma is a proven statement used for proving another statement.
2. Euclid’s Division Algorithm can be extended for all integers, except zero i.e., b 0.
HCF of two positive integers :
HCF of two positive integers a and b is the largest integer (say d ) that divides both a and b(a>b) and is obtained by the following method :
Step 1. Obtain two integers r and q, such that a=bq+r, 0r<b.
Step 2. If r=0, then b is the required HCF.
Step 3. If r0, then again obtain two integers using Euclid’s Division Lemma and continue till the remainder becomes zero. The divisor when remainder becomes zero, is the required HCF.
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic :
Every composite number can be factorised as a product of primes and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
Irrational Number :
A number is an irrational if and only if, its decimal representation is non-terminating and non-repeating (non-recurring).
OR
A number which cannot be expressed in the form of pq , q 0 and p, qI, will be an irrational number. The set of irrational numbers is generally denoted by Q.
NOTE:
1. The rational number pq will have a terminating decimal representation only, if in standard form, the prime factorisation of q, the denominator is of the form 2n5m, where n, m are some non-negative integers.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage ntegers are a bigger collection of numbers which is formed by whole numbers and their negatives. You have studied inthe earlier class, about the representation of integers onthe number lineand their addition and subtraction. (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & readmore
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ntegers are a bigger collection of numbers which is formed by whole numbers and their negatives. You have studied inthe earlier class, about the representation of integers onthe number lineand their addition and subtraction. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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We now study theproperties satisfied by addition andsubtraction.
(a) Integers are closed for addition and subtraction both. That is, a + b and a – b are again integers, where a andb are anyintegers.
(b) Addition is commutative forintegers, i.e., a + b = b + a for allintegers a andb.
(c) Addition is associative for integers, i.e., (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) for all integers a, b and c.
(d) Integer 0 is the identity under addition. That is, a + 0 = 0 + a = a for every integer a. We studied, how integers could be multiplied, andfound that product of a positive and a negative integer is a negative integer, whereas the product of two negative integers isa positive integer. For example, –2 × 7 = –14 and –3 × – 8 =24.
Product of even number of negative integers is positive, whereas the product of odd number of negative integers is negative. Integers showsome properties under multiplication.
(a) Integers are closed under multiplication. Thatis, a × b isan integer forany two integers a and b.
(b) Multiplication is commutative for integers. Thatis, a × b = b × a forany integers a and b.
(c) The integer 1 is theidentity under multiplication, i.e., 1 × a = a × 1 = a forany integer a.
(d) Multiplication is associative for integers, i.e.,(a × b) × c = a × (b × c) for anythree integers a,b and c.
Under addition and multiplication, integers show a property called distributive property.
That is, a× (b +c) = a × b+ a × c forany three integers a, b andc.
The properties of commutativity, associativity under addition and multiplication, and the distributive property help us to make our calculations easier. We alsolearn how to divide integers. We found that,
(a) When a positive integer is divided by a negative integer, the quotient obtained is a negative integer and vice-versa. (b) Division of a negative integer by another negative integer gives a positive integer as quotient. For any integer a,we have
2) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. . . . are positive integers and —1,-2, —3,.. are negative integers.
3) 0 isan integer which is neither positive nornegative.
4). On an integer number line, all numbers to the right of 0 arepositive integers andall numbers tothe left of0 are negative integers.
5) 0 is less than everypositive integer and greater than everynegative integer.
6) Every positive integer is greater than every negative integer.
7) Two integers thatare at thesame distance from 0, but onopposite sides of it are called opposite numbers.
8. The greater the number, the lesser is its opposite.
9. The sumof an integer and its opposite is zero.
10. The absolute valueof an integer is the numerical value of theinteger without regard to its sign.
The absolute value of an integer a isdenoted by |a| and is given by a,if a is positive or 0 a = -a,if a is negative
11. The sum oftwo integers of the same sign is an integer of the same sign whose absolute value is equal to the sum of the absolute values of the given integers.
12. The sum of two integers of opposite signs is an integer whose absolute value is the difference of the absolute values of addend and whose sign isthe sign ofthe addend having greater absolute value.
13. To subtract an integer b from another integer a, we change the sign ofb and addit to a. Thus, a − b = a + (−b)
14. All properties of operations onwhole numbers aresatisfied by theseoperations on integers.
15. If aand b are two integers, then(a − b) is alsoan integer.
16. −a and aare negative oradditive inverses of each other.
17. To find theproduct of twointegers, we multiply theirabsolute values andgive the result a plus signif both thenumbers have the same sign or a minussign otherwise.
18. To find thequotient of oneinteger divided by another non-zero integer, we divide their absolute values and give the result a plus sign if both the numbers have the same sign or a minus signotherwise.
19. All the properties applicable to wholenumbers are applicable to integers in addition, the subtraction operation has the closure property.
20. Any integer whenmultiplied or divided by 1 gives itself and whenmultiplied or divided by-1 gives its opposite.
21. When expression hasdifferent types ofoperations, some operations haveto be performed before the others. That is, each operation has its own precedence. The order in which operations are performed is division, multiplication, addition and finally subtraction (DMAS).
22. Brackets are usedin an expression when we wanta set of operations to be performed before the others.
23. While simplifying anexpression containing brackets, the operations within the innermost set of brackets are performed first and then those brackets are removed followed by the ones immediately after them tillall the brackets are removed.
24. While simplifying arithmetic expressions involving various brackets and operations, we use BODMAS rule.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Nutrition: It is the mode of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the body. Nutrients: The components of food that provide nourishment to the body. All organisms take food and utilise it to get energy for the growth and maintenance of their bodies. readmore
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Nutrition: It is the mode of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the body.
Nutrients: The components of food that provide nourishment to the body.
All organisms take food and utilise it to get energy for the growth and maintenance of their bodies. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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Autotrophs: Autotrophs are the green plants which synthesise their food themselves by the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis: the process of preparation of own food by the Green plants with the help of chlorophyll (found in green plants), carbon dioxide and water taken from the environment in presence of sunlight is known as photosynthesis.
Plants use simple chemical substances like carbon dioxide, water and minerals for the synthesis of food.
Chlorophyll and sunlight are the essential requirements for photosynthesis.
Complex chemical substances such as carbohydrates are the products of photosynthesis.
Solar energy is stored in the form of food in the leaves with the help of chlorophyll.
Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
Oxygen released in photosynthesis is utilised by living organisms for their survival.
Fungi derive nutrition from dead, decaying matter.
They are saprotrophs.
Plants like Cuscuta are parasites.
They take food from the host plant.
A few plants and all animals are dependent on others for their nutrition and are called heterotrophs.
Parasitic: Organisms that live on the body of other organisms. All parasitic plants feed on other plants as either:
Partial Parasites: Obtain some of their nutrition from the host,
Example: Painted cup
Total Parasites: Dependent completely on the host for nutrition.
Example: Mistletoe.
Nutrition in plants
Saprophytic: Organisms that obtain nutrition from dead and decaying plant and animal matter.
Mushrooms, moulds and certain types of fungi and bacteria.
Insectivorous Plants: Green plants which obtain their nourishment partly from soil and atmosphere and partly from small insects.
Example: pitcher plant, bladderwort, and venus fly trap.
Symbiosis: Mode of nutrition in which two different individuals associate with each other to fulfil their requirement of food.
Lichens found on tree trunks is the association between algae and fungus.
Algae obtains water from fungus and it in turn obtains food from algae.
