Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Variations: If the values of two quantities depend on each other in such a way that a change in one causes corresponding change in the other, then the two quantities are said to be in variation. (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, readmore
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Variations: If the values of two quantities depend on each other in such a way that a change in one causes corresponding change in the other, then the two quantities are said to be in variation. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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Direct Variation or Direct Proportion:
Extra:
Two quantities x and y are said to be in direct proportion if they increase (decrease) together in such a manner that the ratio of their corresponding values remains
constant. That is if
=k [k is a positive number, then x and y are said to vary directly.
In such a case if y1, y2 are the values of y corresponding to the values x1, x of x
respectively then = .
If the number of articles purchased increases, the total cost also increases. More than money deposited in a bank, more is the interest earned.
Quantities increasing or decreasing together need not always be in direct proportion, same in the case of inverse proportion.
When two quantities x and y are in direct proportion (or vary directly), they are
written as
. Symbol
stands for ‘is proportion to’.
Inverse Proportion: Two quantities x and y are said to be in inverse proportion if an increase in x causes a proportional decrease in y (and vice-versa) in such a manner that the product of their corresponding values remains constant. That is, if xy
= k, then x and y are said to vary inversely. In this case if y1, y2 are the values of y
corresponding to the values x1, x2 of x respectively then
x1, Y1 = x2, y2 or
=
When two quantities x and y are in inverse proportion (or vary inversely), they are
written as x
. Example: If the number of workers increases, time taken to finish
the job decreases. Or If the speed will increase the time required to cover a given distance decreases.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Exponents are used to express large numbers in shorter form to make them easy to read, understand, compare and operate upon. (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Expressing Large Numbers in the Standard Form: Any number can be readmore
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Exponents are used to express large numbers in shorter form to make them easy to read, understand, compare and operate upon. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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Expressing Large Numbers in the Standard Form: Any number can be expressed as a decimal number between 1.0 and 10.0 (including 1.0) multiplied by a power of 10. Such form of a number is called its standard form or scientific motion. Very large numbers are difficult to read, understand, compare and operate upon. To make all these easier, we use exponents, converting many of the large numbers in a shorter form. The following are exponential forms of some numbers?
Here, 10, 3 and 2 are the bases, whereas 4, 5 and 7 are their respective exponents. We also say, 10,000 is the 4th power of 10, 243 is the 5th power of 3, etc. Numbers in exponential form obey certain laws, which are: For any non-zero integers a and b and whole numbers m and n,
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content Study Tools Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term: Important Tables Topic Terminology Term: Assessments Test Your Learning readmore
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Light: It is the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible. Light travels along straight line. Any polished or a shining surface acts as a mirror. An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a real image. (Scroll down till end readmore
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Light: It is the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible.
Light travels along straight line.
Any polished or a shining surface acts as a mirror.
An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a real image. (Scroll down till end of the page)
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It is formed by light rays that actually pass through the screen.
An image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.
It is formed by light rays that seem to pass through the screen.
The image formed by a plane mirror is erect.
It is virtual and is of the same size as the object.
The image is at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
In an image formed by a mirror, the left side of the object is seen on the right side in the image, and right side of the object appears to be on the left side in the image.
A concave mirror can form a real and inverted image.
When the object is placed very close to the mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.
A Convex mirror is the mirror that curves out; the reflecting surface is convex.
Image formed is virtual, upright and diminished. Image formed by a convex mirror is erect, virtual and smaller in size than the object.
A Concave lens is the lens that is thinner at the center than at the edges.
It is a diverging lens.
Image formed is virtual, erect and diminished.
A convex lens can form real and inverted image.
When the object is placed very close to the lens, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.
When used to see objects magnified, the convex lens is called a magnifying glass.
White light is composed of seven colors.
Properties of Light:
1. Rectilinear Propagation of Light: It is the property of light by which it travels in a straight line in any direction.
The direction of path in which light make a ray.
2. Reflection of Light: It is the bouncing back of light after striking the surface of an object.
Shiny smooth surfaces reflect almost all the light.
3. Dispersion: It is the phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven colors. White
light is mixture of: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red (VIBGYOR) colors.
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content : (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term Important Tables Table: . Assessments Test Your Learning readmore
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content : (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term Important Tables Table: . Assessments Test Your Learning readmore
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term: Important Tables Topic Terminology Term: Assessments Test Your Learning readmore
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content Study Tools Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term: Important Tables Topic Terminology Term: Assessments Test Your Learning readmore
Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content : (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Speed Notes Notes For Quick Recap Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Pre-Requisites Circle: Circle is a round shaped figure has no corners or edges. A circle is the readmore
Circle is a round shaped figure has no corners or edges.
A circle is the locus of all points in a plane which are at constant distance
(called radius) from a fixed point (called centre). A circle with centre O and radius r is denoted by C (O, r).
Radius:
A line segement that joins the centre and circumference or boundary of the circles is called the radius of the circles.
A line segement that divides the circle into two halves is called he diameter of the circle.
Diameter = 2x radius
Radius = Diameter/2
Chord:
A line segment joining any two points on a circle. The largest chord of a circle is a diameter.
Position of A point With Respect To a Circle:
In a plane a point P can lie either inside, or on the circle or outside the given circle.
Position of A Line With Respect to A Circle
If a circle C(O, r) and a straight line ‘l’ are in the same plane, then only three possibilities are there. These are :
Outside The Circle:
(i) The line ‘l’ does not intersect the circle at all. The line ‘l’ is called a non-intersecting line with respect to the circle.
Inside of the Circle – Secant To A Circle:
The line ‘ l ‘ intersects the circle in two distinct points say A and B. The line which intersects the circle in two distinct points is called a secant line.
Touching The Circle – Tangent To Circle:
A tangent to a circle is a special case of the secant when the two end points of the corresponding chord are coincide.
That is the line ‘ l ‘ touches the circle in only one point. Such a line which touches the circle only in one point is called a tangent line.
Tangent To Circle :
Etimology of Tangent:
The word ‘tangent’ comes from the Latin word ‘tangere’, which means to touch and was introduced by the Danish mathematician Thomas Fincke in 1583.
Tangent is a line that intersects the circle in exactly one point.
A tangent to a circle is the limiting position of a secant when its two points of intersection with the circle coincide.
The common point of the circle and the tangent is called the point of contact.
In other words the point, at which the tangent touches the circle is called
the point of contact.
Number of Tangents From A Point To Circle:
Number of tangents to a circle from a point (say P) depends upon the position of the point P.
(a)
When point ‘P’ lies outside the circle: There are only two lines, which touch the circle in one point only, all the remaining lines either intersect in two points or do not intersect the, circle. Hence, there are only two tangents from point P to the circle.
(b)
When point ‘ P ‘ lies on the circle : There is only one line which touches the circle in one point, all other lines meet the circle in more than one point. Hence, there is one and only one tangent to the circle through the point P lies on the circle.
(c)
When point ‘ P ‘ lies inside the circle: Every line passing through the point P (lies inside the circle) intersect the circle in two points. Hence, there is no tangent through the point P lies inside the circle
There is only one tangent at a point on the circumference of the circle.
Point of contact is the common point of the tangent and the circle.
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
Theorems :
(i) Tangent-Radius Theorem
The line perpendicular to the tangent and passing through the point of contact, is known as the normal.
Statement: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
The converse of above theorem is also true.
Theorem :
The tangents at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact. Or At the point of contact the angle between radius and tangents to a circle is 90^0 .
Theorem :
The length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Important Results:
If two circles touch internally or externally, the point of contact lies on the straight line through the two centres.
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
The length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Length of the tangent from a point P’ lies outside the circle is given by
PT =PT’ =
The distances between two parallel tangents drawn to a circle is equal to the diameter of the circle.
Facts:
In two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller circle, is bisected at the point of contact.
More Points To Remember !
There is no tangent to a circle passing through a point lying inside the circle.
At any point on the circle there can be one and only one tangent.
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point outside the circle.
The length of the segment of the tangent from the external point P and the point of contact with the circle is called the length of the tangent.
The lengths of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
The line containing the radius through the point of contact of tangent is called the normal to the circle at the point.
There is no tangent to the circle passing through a point lying inside the cirele.
There are exactly two tangents to a cirele through a point lying outside the circle
The length of the segment of the tangent from the external point and the point of contact
with the circle is called the length of the tangent.
The length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
