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  • FORCE AND PRESSURE | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Force: A push or a pull, that changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of an object or changes its direction or shape. A force arises due to the interaction between two objects. Force has magnitude as well as direction.Therefore… readmore

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    Force: A push or a pull, that changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of an object or changes its direction or shape.

    A force arises due to the interaction between two objects.

    Force has magnitude as well as direction.Therefore force is a vector quantity.

    The SI unit of force is newton (Scroll down till end of the page)

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    A change in the speed of an object or the direction of its motion or both implies a change in its state of motion.

    Force acting on an object may cause a change in its state of motion or a change in its shape.

    Contact Non Contact Forces:

    A force can act on an object with or without being in contact with it. Based on Contact the forces are classclassified as Contact Forces and Non Contact Forces.

    Contact Forces: The forces act on a body when the source of force touches the body directly.

    The point where the force is applied on an object is called the point of application of force (or point of contact).

    Examples of Contact Forces:

    (i) Muscular Force: The force exerted by the muscles of the body.

    We use force acted by muscles of animals like Humans, bullocks, horses and camels to get our activities done.

    (ii) Mechanical Force: The force acted by a machine.

    Non-Contact Forces:

    Non-Contact Forces: Forces which do not involve physical contact between two bodies on which they act.

    Examples of Non-Contact Forces:

    (i) Magnetic Force: A magnet exerts a non-contact force on objects made of iron, steel, cobalt or nickel.

    (ii) Electrostatic Force: The force which result due to repulsion of similar charges or attraction of opposite charges.

    (iii) Gravitational Forces: The force that exists between any two bodies by virtue of

    Pressure

    Pressure: Thrust acting per unit surface area is called pressure.

    Thrust

    Thrust is the force acting on an object perpendicular to its surface.

    In SI system, pressure is measured in newton per square metre which is equal to 1 pascal (Pa).

    Like solids, fluids (liquids and gases) also exert pressure.

    A solid exerts pressure only in the downward direction due to its weight, whereas liquids and gases exert pressure inall directions.

    Hence liquids and gases exert pressure on the walls of their container.

    Atmospheric Pressure

    Ttmosphere: The thick blanket of air that covers the earth is termed atmosphere.

    The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called atmospheric Pressure.

    The tremendous atmospheric pressure surrounding us is not felt by us because the fluid pressure inside our bodies counter-balances the atmospheric pressure around us.

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  • How do Organisms Reproduce | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content Study Tools Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term: Important Tables Topic Terminology Term: Assessments Test Your Learning readmore

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  • Introduction to Trigonometry | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content : (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Introduction To Trigonometry | Speed Notes Notes For Quick Recap An angle is positive if its rotation is in the anticlockwise and negative if its rotation… readmore

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    Introduction To Trigonometry | Speed Notes

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    An angle is positive if its rotation is in the anticlockwise and negative if its rotation is in the clockwise direction.

    (Scroll down to continue …)

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    Trigonometric Ratios

    If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trigonometric ration of the angle can be determined.

    Two angles are said to be complementary, if their sum is 900 and each one of them is called the complement of the other.

    sin (900 – θ) = Cos θ

    Cos (900– θ)= Sin θ 

    tan (900– θ) = Cot θ

    Cot(900– θ) = tan θ 

    sec (900– θ)= cosec θ

    cosec (900– θ) = sec θ

    Trigonometric Identities

    An equation with trigonometric ratios of an angle θ, which is true for all values of ‘ θ ‘, for which the given trigonometric ratios are defined, is called an identity.

    The three fundamental trigonometric identities are

    1. sin2 θ +cos2 θ = 1

     ⇒ sin2 θ =1-cos2 θ

    ⇒ sin2 θ =(1-cos θ)(1+cos θ)

    ⇒ (1- cos θ) = (sin2 θ) /(1+ cos θ)

    ⇒ (1+ cos θ) = (sin2 θ) /(1- cos θ)

    ⇒ cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1

    cos2 θ =1- sin2 θ

    ⇒ cos2 θ =(1- sin θ)(1+ sin θ)

    ⇒ (1+ sin θ) = (cos2 θ) /(1- sin θ)

    ⇒ (1- sin θ) = cos2 θ /(1+sin θ)

    (b) sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ

    ⇒ sec2 θ – tan2 θ =1

    ⇒ (sec θ – tan θ)(sec θ + tan θ) = 1

    ⇒ (sec θ – tan θ) = 1/ (sec θ + tan θ)

    ⇒ (sec θ + tan θ) = 1/ (sec θ – tan θ)

    ⇒ sec2 θ – 1 = tan2 θ

    ⇒ (sec θ – 1)( sec θ – 1) = tan2 θ

    (c) cosec2 θ = 1+cot2θ

    ⇒ cosec2 θ – cot2 θ = 1

    ⇒ (cosec θ – cot θ)(cosec θ + cot θ)=1

    (cosec θ+ cot θ) =1cosec θ – cot θ

    (cosec θ- cot θ) = 1cosec θ + cot θ

    ⇒ Cosec2 θ – 1 = cot2 θ

    ⇒ (Cosec θ – 1)( Cosec θ – 1) = Cot2 θ

    Supportive Formulae:

    (a+b)2=+a2+b2+2ab

    (a-b)2 = a2+b2-2ab

    (a+b)2+(a-b)2= 2 (a2+b2)

    (a+b)2– (a-b)2= 4ab

    (a-b)2– (a+b)2= – 4ab

    (a+b)2 = (a-b)2+ 4ab

    (a-b)2 = (a+b)2– 4ab

    (a2-b2)=(a+b)(a-b)

    a+b=(a2-b2) /(a-b)

    a-b=(a2-b2) /(a-b)

    (a+b)2= (a-b)2+ 4ab

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  • LINES AND ANGLES | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Basic terms and Definitions 1. Point – A Point is that which has no component. It is represented by a dot. 2. Line – When we join two distinct points then we get a line. A line has no endpoints; it can be extended on both… readmore

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    Basic terms and Definitions

    1. Point – A Point is that which has no component. It is represented by a dot.

    2. Line – When we join two distinct points then we get a line. A line has no endpoints; it can be extended on both sides infinitely.

    3. Line Segment Line – Segment is the part of the line which has two endpoints.

    4. Ray – Ray is also a part of the line that has only one endpoint and has no end on the other side.

    5. Collinear points: Points lying on the same line are called Collinear Points.Collinear and Non-collinear points

    6. Non-collinear points: Points which do not lie on the same line are called Non-Collinear Points. (Scroll to continue …)

    (Scroll down till end of the page)

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    Angles

    When two rays begin from the same endpoint then they form an Angle. The two rays are the arms of the angle and the endpoint is the vertex of the angle.

    Types of Angles

    AngleNotation Image
    AcuteAn angle which is between 0° and 90°.
    Acute Angle
    RightAn angle which is exactly equal to 90°.
    Right Angle
    ObtuseAn angle which is between 90° and 180°.
    Reflex Angle
    ReflexAn angle which is between 180° and 360°
    Obtuse Angle
    StraightAn angle which is exactly equal to 180°.
    Straight Angle
    CompleteAn angle which is exactly equal to 360°.
    Complete Angle
    Types of Angles

    Complementary and Supplementary Angles

    Complementary Angles are the different angles whose sum is 90°.  

    Complementary Angles are the different angles whose sum is 180°.

    Intersecting Lines and Non-intersecting LinesIntersecting Lines and Non-intersecting Lines

    There are two ways to draw two lines-

    1. The lines which cross each other from a particular point are called Intersecting Lines.

    2. The lines which never cross each other at any point are called Non-intersecting Lines. These lines are called Parallel Lines and the common length between two lines is the distance between parallel lines.

    Pairs of Angles Axioms

    The sum of two adjacent angles formed by that ray is 180°

    1. If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles formed by that ray is 180°.

    This shows that the common arm of the two angles is the ray which is standing on a line and the two adjacent angles are the linear pair of the angles. As the sum of two angles is 180° so these are supplementary angles too.

    2. If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then the arms which are not common of the angles form a line.

    This is the reverse of the first axiom which says that the opposite is also true.

    Vertically opposite Angles Theorem

    Vertically opposite Angles

    When two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles so formed will be equal.

    AC and BD are intersecting each other so ∠AOD = ∠BOC and ∠AOB = DOC.

    Parallel Lines and a Transversal

    Parallel Lines and a Transversal

    If a line passes through two distinct lines and intersects them at distant points then this line is called Transversal Line.

    Here line “l” is transversal of line m and n.

    Exterior Angles – ∠1, ∠2, ∠7 and ∠8

    Interior Angles – ∠3, ∠4, ∠5 and ∠6

    Pairs of angles formed when a transversal intersects two lines-

    1. Corresponding Angles:

    • ∠ 1 and ∠ 5
    • ∠ 2 and ∠ 6
    • ∠ 4 and ∠ 8
    • ∠ 3 and ∠ 7

    2. Alternate Interior Angles:

    • ∠ 4 and ∠ 6
    • ∠ 3 and ∠ 5

    3. Alternate Exterior Angles:

    • ∠ 1 and ∠ 7
    • ∠ 2 and ∠ 8

    4. Interior Angles on the same side of the transversal:

    • ∠ 4 and ∠ 5
    • ∠ 3 and ∠ 6

    Transversal Axioms

    Transversal Axioms

    1. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then

    • Each pair of corresponding angles will be equal.
    • Each pair of alternate interior angles will be equal.
    • Each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal will be supplementary.

    2. If a transversal intersects two lines in such a way that

    • Corresponding angles are equal then these two lines will be parallel to each other.
    • Alternate interior angles are equal then the two lines will be parallel.
    • Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary then the two lines will be parallel.

    Lines Parallel to the Same Line

    Lines Parallel to the Same Line

    If two lines are parallel with a common line then these two lines will also be parallel to each other.

    As in the above figure if AB ∥ CD and EF ∥ CD then AB ∥ EF.

    Angle Sum Property of a Triangle

    The exterior angle formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles

    1. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180º.

    ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

    2. If we produce any side of a triangle, then the exterior angle formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

    ∠BCD = ∠BAC + ∠ABC.

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  • Materials Around Us | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content : (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term Important Tables Table: . Assessments Test Your Learning readmore

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  • Measurement of Length and Motion | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content : (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term Important Tables Table: . Assessments Test Your Learning readmore

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  • Prime Time | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Content : (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content Content … Key Terms Topic Terminology Term Important Tables Table: . Assessments Test Your Learning readmore

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  • Rational Numbers | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage Rational Number: A number that can be expressed in the form (Scroll down till end of the page) Study Tools Audio, Visual & Digital Content 14. Every positive rational number is greater than zero. 15. Every negative rational number is less than zero. 16. The rational… readmore

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    Rational Number: A number that can be expressed in the form (Scroll down till end of the page)

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    14. Every positive rational number is greater than zero.

    15. Every negative rational number is less than zero.

    16. The rational numbers can be represented on the number line.

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  • Reproduction in Plants | Study

    Mind Map Overal Idea Content Speed Notes Quick Coverage All organisms multiply or reproduce offspring of their own kind. In plants there are two modes of reproduction, namely (a) Asexual reproduction and (b) Sexual reproduction. There are several methods of asexual reproduction such as fragmentation, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves the… readmore

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    All organisms multiply or reproduce offspring of their own kind.

    In plants there are two modes of reproduction, namely (a) Asexual reproduction and (b) Sexual reproduction.

    There are several methods of asexual reproduction such as fragmentation, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation.

    Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes. (Scroll down till end of the page)

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    In vegetative propagation new plants are produced from different vegetative parts such as leaves, stems and roots.

    Flower is the reproductive part of a plant.

    A flower may be unisexual with either the male or the female reproductive parts.

    A bisexual flower has both the male and the female reproductive parts.

    The male gametes are found inside the pollen grains and female gametes are found in the ovule.

    Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the same or another flower.

    Pollination is of two types, self-pollination and cross-pollination.

    In self-pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.

    In cross-pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same kind.

    Pollination takes place in plants with the help of wind, water and insects.

    The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization.

    Fertilized egg is called zygote.

    Zygote develops into an embryo.

    Fruit is the mature ovary whereas ovule develops into a seed, which contains the developing embryo.

    Seed dispersal is aided by wind, water and animals.

    Seed dispersal helps the plants to:

    1. prevent overcrowding,
    2. avoid competition for sunlight, water and minerals
    3. invade new habitats.
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